9 research outputs found

    Importance des Services ÉcosystĂ©miques, et CaractĂ©risation des Parcs Agroforestiers Ă  Anarcadium Occidentale L. dans la ForĂȘt ClassĂ©e de DindĂ©resso Ă  l’Ouest du Burkina Faso

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    L’importance des services Ă©cosystĂ©miques et la caractĂ©risation des parcs agroforestiers Ă  Anacardium occidentale de la ForĂȘt ClassĂ©e de DindĂ©resso (FCD) ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s Ă  partir des enquĂȘtes sociodĂ©mographique et ethnobotanique et d’inventaire forestier. L’étude a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e auprĂšs des producteurs et de la population environnante. Il ressort des rĂ©sultats que l’exploitation des parcs est faite exclusivement par des hommes, tous de l’ethnie autochtone. Ce qui leur confĂšre un droit d’accĂšs total pour l’exploitation de la terre contrairement aux migrants. Aussi le faible niveau d’alphabĂ©tisation affichĂ© n’optimise pas l’exploitation des plantations d’anacardier. Les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques les plus importants sont ceux de l’approvisionnement (alimentation, 24,6% ; bois Ă©nergie, 24,6% et mĂ©dicaments, 24,6%), de rĂ©gulation (climat, 51.74%) et culturel (loisirs, 50.94% et tourismes 45.28%). Les parties de l’anacardier les plus utilisĂ©es en pharmacopĂ©e sont prĂ©fĂ©rentiellement l’écorce (63.04%), les racines (26.08%) et les feuilles (10.88%), administrĂ©s par voie orale et en bain. Les fruits sont principalement transformĂ©s en cacahouĂštes (27.67%) et en pĂąte (21.27%). Les causes de dĂ©gradation majoritairement exprimĂ©es sont le pĂąturage (17.82%), les dĂ©chets mĂ©nagers (17.82%) et les feux de vĂ©gĂ©tation (14.72%). Par contre les contraintes de production les plus citĂ©es sont les vents violents (17.64%) et les attaques d’insectes (15.96%). Les rĂ©sultats ont aussi mis en Ă©vidence la dĂ©gradation des parcs depuis les 20 derniĂšres annĂ©es couplĂ©e Ă  une baisse flagrante de la production et une raretĂ© de l’espace cultivable. L’inventaire floristique a permis d’identifier l’état sanitaire des anacardiers, dont la plus grande menace est le parasitisme (19.86%). Il a aussi montrĂ© l’importance de la FCD pour la population environnante principalement pour le ramassage de bois (18.58%) et la rĂ©colte des fruits (18.58%). Les espĂšces ligneuses prĂ©fĂ©rentiellement associĂ©es Ă  l’anacardier sont Vitellaria paradoxa (37%) et Parkia biglobosa (17%), tandis que les cultures majoritairement associĂ©es sont Zea mays (70%) et Phaseolus vulgaris (68%). Les mesures dendromĂ©triques effectuĂ©es sur 988 individus montrent que le diamĂštre moyen (DBH) est de 32.39 cm et le diamĂštre moyen du houppier de 7.52 m. Par ailleurs la plupart des individus des plantations ont des diamĂštres compris entre 20 et 45 cm caractĂ©ristique d’un peuplement artificiel Ă©quienne. Des actions sylvicoles ciblĂ©es pour ouvrir la canopĂ©e et le sous-bois doivent donc ĂȘtre menĂ©es pour amĂ©liorer les conditions de germination et de survie des semis de l’espĂšce.   The importance of ecosystem services and the characterization of western Anacardium occidentale agroforestry parks in the ForĂȘt ClassĂ©e de DindĂ©resso (FCD) were carried out based on sociodemographic and ethnobotanical surveys and forest inventory. The study was carried out among producers and the surrounding population. The results show that the parks are exploited exclusively by men, all of whom belong to the indigenous ethnic group. This gives them full access to the land, unlike migrants. Also, the low level of literacy displayed does not optimize the exploitation of cashew plantations. The most important ecosystem services are those of supply (food, 24.6%; wood energy, 24.6% and medicines, 24.6%), regulation (climate, 51.74%) and cultural (leisure, 50.94% and tourism, 45.28%). The parts of the cashew tree most commonly used in the pharmacopeia are bark (63.04%), roots (26.08%) and leaves (10.88%), administered orally and in baths. Fruits are mainly processed into peanuts (27.67%) and paste (21.27%). The main causes of degradation are grazing (17.82%), household waste (17.82%) and vegetation fires (14.72%). On the other hand, the most cited production constraints were strong winds (17.64%) and insect attacks (15.96%). The results also highlighted the degradation of the parks over the last 20 years, coupled with a flagrant drop in production and a scarcity of cultivable space. The floristic inventory enabled us to identify the health status of cashew trees, the greatest threat being parasitism (19.86%). It also showed the importance of FCD for the surrounding population, mainly for gathering wood (18.58%) and harvesting fruit (18.58%). The woody species most commonly associated with cashews are Vitellaria paradoxa (37%) and Parkia biglobosa (17%), while the crops most commonly associated are Zea mays (70%) and Phaseolus vulgaris (68%). Dendrometric measurements carried out on 988 trees show that the average diameter (DBH) is 32.39 cm and the average crown diameter is 7.52 m. Most of the trees in the plantations have diameters of between 20 and 45 cm, characteristic of an even-aged artificial stand. Targeted silvicultural measures to open up the canopy and undergrowth are therefore needed to improve germination and survival conditions for the species seedlings

    CaractĂ©risation des Parcs Agroforestiers Ă  Anarcadium occidentale L. et Services EcosystĂ©miques dans la ForĂȘt ClassĂ©e de DindĂ©resso Ă  l’Ouest du Burkina Faso

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    Les parcs agroforestiers Ă  Anacardium occidentale fournissent de nombreux services aux populations locales de la ForĂȘt ClassĂ©e de DindĂ©resso (FCD) Ă  l’Ouest du Burkina Faso. En dĂ©pit de cette importance, la nature de ces services est mal documentĂ©e. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude a pour but de caractĂ©riser les parcs agroforestiers Ă  Anacardium occidentale de la FCD et d’identifier les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques. L’étude a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă  partir des enquĂȘtes sociodĂ©mographiques, ethnobotanique et d’inventaire forestier auprĂšs des producteurs et de la population environnante. Notre Ă©tude montre que l’exploitation des parcs est faite exclusivement par des hommes, tous de l’ethnie autochtone Bobos. Aussi le faible niveau d’alphabĂ©tisation affichĂ© n’optimise pas l’exploitation des plantations d’anacardier. Les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques les plus importants sont ceux de l’approvisionnement (alimentation, 24,6% ; bois Ă©nergie, 24,6% et mĂ©dicaments, 24,6%), de rĂ©gulation (climat, 51.74%) et culturel (loisirs, 50.94% et tourismes 45.28%). Les parties de l’anacardier les plus utilisĂ©es en pharmacopĂ©e sont prĂ©fĂ©rentiellement l’écorce (63.04%), les racines (26.08%) et les feuilles (10.88%), administrĂ©s par voie orale et en bain. Les fruits sont principalement transformĂ©s en cacahouĂštes (27.67%) et en pĂąte (21.27%). Les causes de dĂ©gradation majoritairement exprimĂ©es sont le pĂąturage (17.82%), les dĂ©chets mĂ©nagers (17.82%) et les feux de vĂ©gĂ©tation (14.72%). Par contre les contraintes de production les plus citĂ©es sont les vents violents (17.64%) et les attaques d’insectes (15.96%). Les rĂ©sultats ont aussi mis en Ă©vidence la dĂ©gradation des parcs depuis les 20 derniĂšres annĂ©es couplĂ©e Ă  une baisse flagrante de la production et une raretĂ© de l’espace cultivable. L’inventaire floristique a permis d’identifier l’état sanitaire des anacardiers, dont la plus grande menace est le parasitisme (19.86%). Il a aussi montrĂ© l’importance de la FCD pour la population environnante principalement pour le ramassage de bois (18.58%) et la rĂ©colte des fruits (18.58%). Les espĂšces ligneuses prĂ©fĂ©rentiellement associĂ©es Ă  l’anacardier sont Vitellaria paradoxa (37%) et Parkia biglobosa (17%), tandis que les cultures majoritairement associĂ©es sont Zea mays (70%) et Phaseolus vulgaris (68%). Les mesures dendromĂ©triques effectuĂ©es sur 988 individus montrent que le diamĂštre moyen (DBH) est de 32.39 cm et le diamĂštre moyen du houppier de 7.52 m. Par ailleurs la plupart des individus des plantations ont des diamĂštres compris entre 20 et 45 cm caractĂ©ristique d’un peuplement artificiel Ă©quienne. Des actions sylvicoles ciblĂ©es pour ouvrir la canopĂ©e et le sous-bois doivent donc ĂȘtre menĂ©es pour amĂ©liorer les conditions de germination et de survie des semis de l’espĂšce.   Agroforestry parks with Anacardium occidentale provide numerous services to local populations in the ForĂȘt ClassĂ©e de DindĂ©resso (FCD) in western Burkina Faso. Despite this importance, the nature of these services is poorly documented. The aim of the present study is to characterize the western Anacardium agroforestry parks of the FCD and to identify ecosystem services. The study was based on sociodemographic, ethnobotanical and forest inventory surveys of producers and the surrounding population. Our study shows that the parks are exploited exclusively by men, all from the indigenous ethnic group. This gives them full access to the land, unlike migrants. Also, the low level of literacy displayed does not optimize the exploitation of cashew plantations. The most important ecosystem services are those of supply (food, 24.6%; wood energy, 24.6% and medicines, 24.6%), regulation (climate, 51.74%) and cultural (leisure, 50.94% and tourism, 45.28%). The parts of the cashew tree most commonly used in the pharmacopeia are bark (63.04%), roots (26.08%) and leaves (10.88%), administered orally and in baths. Fruits are mainly processed into peanuts (27.67%) and paste (21.27%). The main causes of degradation are grazing (17.82%), household waste (17.82%) and vegetation fires (14.72%). On the other hand, the most cited production constraints were strong winds (17.64%) and insect attacks (15.96%). The results also highlighted the degradation of the parks over the last 20 years, coupled with a flagrant drop in production and a scarcity of cultivable space. The floristic inventory enabled us to identify the health status of cashew trees, the greatest threat being parasitism (19.86%). It also showed the importance of FCD for the surrounding population, mainly for gathering wood (18.58%) and harvesting fruit (18.58%). The woody species most commonly associated with cashews are Vitellaria paradoxa (37%) and Parkia biglobosa (17%), while the crops most commonly associated are Zea mays (70%) and Phaseolus vulgaris (68%). Dendrometric measurements carried out on 988 trees show that the average diameter (DBH) is 32.39 cm and the average crown diameter is 7.52 m. Most of the trees in the plantations have diameters of between 20 and 45 cm, characteristic of an even-aged artificial stand. Targeted silvicultural measures to open up the canopy and undergrowth are therefore needed to improve germination and survival conditions for the species seedlings

    Importance des Services ÉcosystĂ©miques, et CaractĂ©risation des Parcs Agroforestiers Ă  Anarcadium Occidentale L. dans la ForĂȘt ClassĂ©e de DindĂ©resso Ă  l’Ouest du Burkina Faso

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    L’importance des services Ă©cosystĂ©miques et la caractĂ©risation des parcs agroforestiers Ă  Anacardium occidentale de la ForĂȘt ClassĂ©e de DindĂ©resso (FCD) ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s Ă  partir des enquĂȘtes sociodĂ©mographique et ethnobotanique et d’inventaire forestier. L’étude a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e auprĂšs des producteurs et de la population environnante. Il ressort des rĂ©sultats que l’exploitation des parcs est faite exclusivement par des hommes, tous de l’ethnie autochtone. Ce qui leur confĂšre un droit d’accĂšs total pour l’exploitation de la terre contrairement aux migrants. Aussi le faible niveau d’alphabĂ©tisation affichĂ© n’optimise pas l’exploitation des plantations d’anacardier. Les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques les plus importants sont ceux de l’approvisionnement (alimentation, 24,6% ; bois Ă©nergie, 24,6% et mĂ©dicaments, 24,6%), de rĂ©gulation (climat, 51.74%) et culturel (loisirs, 50.94% et tourismes 45.28%). Les parties de l’anacardier les plus utilisĂ©es en pharmacopĂ©e sont prĂ©fĂ©rentiellement l’écorce (63.04%), les racines (26.08%) et les feuilles (10.88%), administrĂ©s par voie orale et en bain. Les fruits sont principalement transformĂ©s en cacahouĂštes (27.67%) et en pĂąte (21.27%). Les causes de dĂ©gradation majoritairement exprimĂ©es sont le pĂąturage (17.82%), les dĂ©chets mĂ©nagers (17.82%) et les feux de vĂ©gĂ©tation (14.72%). Par contre les contraintes de production les plus citĂ©es sont les vents violents (17.64%) et les attaques d’insectes (15.96%). Les rĂ©sultats ont aussi mis en Ă©vidence la dĂ©gradation des parcs depuis les 20 derniĂšres annĂ©es couplĂ©e Ă  une baisse flagrante de la production et une raretĂ© de l’espace cultivable. L’inventaire floristique a permis d’identifier l’état sanitaire des anacardiers, dont la plus grande menace est le parasitisme (19.86%). Il a aussi montrĂ© l’importance de la FCD pour la population environnante principalement pour le ramassage de bois (18.58%) et la rĂ©colte des fruits (18.58%). Les espĂšces ligneuses prĂ©fĂ©rentiellement associĂ©es Ă  l’anacardier sont Vitellaria paradoxa (37%) et Parkia biglobosa (17%), tandis que les cultures majoritairement associĂ©es sont Zea mays (70%) et Phaseolus vulgaris (68%). Les mesures dendromĂ©triques effectuĂ©es sur 988 individus montrent que le diamĂštre moyen (DBH) est de 32.39 cm et le diamĂštre moyen du houppier de 7.52 m. Par ailleurs la plupart des individus des plantations ont des diamĂštres compris entre 20 et 45 cm caractĂ©ristique d’un peuplement artificiel Ă©quienne. Des actions sylvicoles ciblĂ©es pour ouvrir la canopĂ©e et le sous-bois doivent donc ĂȘtre menĂ©es pour amĂ©liorer les conditions de germination et de survie des semis de l’espĂšce.   The importance of ecosystem services and the characterization of western Anacardium occidentale agroforestry parks in the ForĂȘt ClassĂ©e de DindĂ©resso (FCD) were carried out based on sociodemographic and ethnobotanical surveys and forest inventory. The study was carried out among producers and the surrounding population. The results show that the parks are exploited exclusively by men, all of whom belong to the indigenous ethnic group. This gives them full access to the land, unlike migrants. Also, the low level of literacy displayed does not optimize the exploitation of cashew plantations. The most important ecosystem services are those of supply (food, 24.6%; wood energy, 24.6% and medicines, 24.6%), regulation (climate, 51.74%) and cultural (leisure, 50.94% and tourism, 45.28%). The parts of the cashew tree most commonly used in the pharmacopeia are bark (63.04%), roots (26.08%) and leaves (10.88%), administered orally and in baths. Fruits are mainly processed into peanuts (27.67%) and paste (21.27%). The main causes of degradation are grazing (17.82%), household waste (17.82%) and vegetation fires (14.72%). On the other hand, the most cited production constraints were strong winds (17.64%) and insect attacks (15.96%). The results also highlighted the degradation of the parks over the last 20 years, coupled with a flagrant drop in production and a scarcity of cultivable space. The floristic inventory enabled us to identify the health status of cashew trees, the greatest threat being parasitism (19.86%). It also showed the importance of FCD for the surrounding population, mainly for gathering wood (18.58%) and harvesting fruit (18.58%). The woody species most commonly associated with cashews are Vitellaria paradoxa (37%) and Parkia biglobosa (17%), while the crops most commonly associated are Zea mays (70%) and Phaseolus vulgaris (68%). Dendrometric measurements carried out on 988 trees show that the average diameter (DBH) is 32.39 cm and the average crown diameter is 7.52 m. Most of the trees in the plantations have diameters of between 20 and 45 cm, characteristic of an even-aged artificial stand. Targeted silvicultural measures to open up the canopy and undergrowth are therefore needed to improve germination and survival conditions for the species seedlings

    Evaluation de la Translocation du Cadmium, du Cuivre, du Plomb et du Zinc par Zea mays L. cultivĂ© Sur un sSol Ferrugineux Tropical dans l’Ouest du Burkina Faso

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    L’utilisation des dĂ©chets urbains comme fertilisants organiques peut ĂȘtre Ă  l’origine d’une contamination du sol en Ă©lĂ©ments traces mĂ©talliques. Le maĂŻs, l’une des cĂ©rĂ©ales les plus consommĂ©es au Burkina Faso, pourrait accumuler ces Ă©lĂ©ments toxiques et provoquer des problĂšmes sanitaires Ă  l’homme Ă  travers leur consommation. Pour Ă©valuer le potentiel de translocation du maĂŻs, un essai est mis en place dans le pĂ©rimĂštre maraicher de Sakabi, dans la commune de Bobo Dioulasso. Pour ce faire, des parcelles ont Ă©tĂ© confectionnĂ©es et organisĂ©es selon un dispositif en bloc complĂštement randomisĂ© avec six rĂ©pĂ©titions. Des doses croissantes de  20, 40 et 60 tonnes de dĂ©chet par hectare ont Ă©tĂ© apportĂ©es dans les diffĂ©rentes parcelles pour constituer les traitements. Les Ă©chantillons de sol et la biomasse vĂ©gĂ©tale ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©levĂ©s pour dĂ©terminer les teneurs en Ă©lĂ©ments traces mĂ©talliques. Les rĂ©sultats des analyses montrent que les sols sont contaminĂ©s en mĂ©taux lourds et ont contribuĂ© Ă  la translocation de ces derniers dans les diffĂ©rents organes du maĂŻs. Les facteurs de translocation sont supĂ©rieurs Ă  1 dans tous les organes exception faite pour les tiges donc les valeurs sont comprises entre 0,5-0,8 et 0,76-0,93 respectivement pour le cadmium et le cuivre. En outre la corrĂ©lation de Pearson a montrĂ© une forte relation entre les teneurs en mĂ©taux lourds dans les diffĂ©rents organes. Lorsque le cadmium dans le sol augmente de 1 mg il y a une forte probabilitĂ© qu’il augmente de 0,22 mg dans les racines, 1,33 mg dans les tiges, 0, 31 mg dans les feuilles et 0,56 mg dans les grains. De mĂȘme, au niveau du cuivre, il peut augmenter de 2,56 mg, 0,28 mg, 0,57 mg respectivement pour les racines, tiges et feuilles pour une augmentation de 1 mg de Cu dans le sol. Au niveau du plomb, il y a une forte probabilitĂ© que les teneurs dans les feuilles et dans les grains augmentent respectivement de 6,84 mg et 5,81 mg pour une augmentation de 1 mg de plomb dans le sol. Pour le cas du zinc, il peut augmenter de 0,61 mg, 0,17 mg, 0,15 mg respectivement pour les tiges, feuilles et grains pour une augmentation de 1 mg dans le sol.   The use of municipal waste as organic fertilizers may result in contamination of the soil with trace metals. Corn, one of the most widely consumed cereals in Burkina Faso, could accumulate these elements and cause health problems for humans. To assess the translocation potential of maize, a trial is being carried out in the Sakabi vegetable perimeter. To do this, plots were made and organized according to a completely randomized block device with six repetitions. Increasing amounts of waste  20, 40 and 60 tons per hectare were brought into the different plots to constitute the treatments. Soil samples and plant biomass were collected to determine trace metal content. The results of the analyzes show that the soils are contaminated with heavy metals and have contributed to their translocation to the different organs of the maize. The translocation factors are greater than 1 in all organs except for the rods, so the values are between 0.5-0.8 and 0.76-0.93 respectively for cadmium and copper. In addition, the Pearson correlation showed a strong relationship between the heavy metal contents in the different organs. When cadmium in soil increases by 1 mg, there is a high probability that it will increase by 0.22 mg in roots, 1.33 mg in stems, 0.31 mg in leaves, and 0.56 mg in grains. Similarly, at the level of copper, it can increase by 2.56 mg, 0.28 mg, 0.57 mg respectively for roots, stems and leaves for an increase of 1 mg of Cu in the soil. At this level, there is a high probability that leaf and grain levels will increase by 6.84 mg and 5.81 mg, respectively, for an increase of 1 mg lead in soil. For zinc, it can increase by 0.61 mg, 0.17 mg, 0.15 mg for stems, leaves and grains respectively for an increase of 1 mg in the soil

    Evaluation de la Translocation du Cadmium, du Cuivre, du Plomb et du Zinc par Zea mays L. cultivĂ© Sur un sSol Ferrugineux Tropical dans l’Ouest du Burkina Faso

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    L’utilisation des dĂ©chets urbains comme fertilisants organiques peut ĂȘtre Ă  l’origine d’une contamination du sol en Ă©lĂ©ments traces mĂ©talliques. Le maĂŻs, l’une des cĂ©rĂ©ales les plus consommĂ©es au Burkina Faso, pourrait accumuler ces Ă©lĂ©ments toxiques et provoquer des problĂšmes sanitaires Ă  l’homme Ă  travers leur consommation. Pour Ă©valuer le potentiel de translocation du maĂŻs, un essai est mis en place dans le pĂ©rimĂštre maraicher de Sakabi, dans la commune de Bobo Dioulasso. Pour ce faire, des parcelles ont Ă©tĂ© confectionnĂ©es et organisĂ©es selon un dispositif en bloc complĂštement randomisĂ© avec six rĂ©pĂ©titions. Des doses croissantes de  20, 40 et 60 tonnes de dĂ©chet par hectare ont Ă©tĂ© apportĂ©es dans les diffĂ©rentes parcelles pour constituer les traitements. Les Ă©chantillons de sol et la biomasse vĂ©gĂ©tale ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©levĂ©s pour dĂ©terminer les teneurs en Ă©lĂ©ments traces mĂ©talliques. Les rĂ©sultats des analyses montrent que les sols sont contaminĂ©s en mĂ©taux lourds et ont contribuĂ© Ă  la translocation de ces derniers dans les diffĂ©rents organes du maĂŻs. Les facteurs de translocation sont supĂ©rieurs Ă  1 dans tous les organes exception faite pour les tiges donc les valeurs sont comprises entre 0,5-0,8 et 0,76-0,93 respectivement pour le cadmium et le cuivre. En outre la corrĂ©lation de Pearson a montrĂ© une forte relation entre les teneurs en mĂ©taux lourds dans les diffĂ©rents organes. Lorsque le cadmium dans le sol augmente de 1 mg il y a une forte probabilitĂ© qu’il augmente de 0,22 mg dans les racines, 1,33 mg dans les tiges, 0, 31 mg dans les feuilles et 0,56 mg dans les grains. De mĂȘme, au niveau du cuivre, il peut augmenter de 2,56 mg, 0,28 mg, 0,57 mg respectivement pour les racines, tiges et feuilles pour une augmentation de 1 mg de Cu dans le sol. Au niveau du plomb, il y a une forte probabilitĂ© que les teneurs dans les feuilles et dans les grains augmentent respectivement de 6,84 mg et 5,81 mg pour une augmentation de 1 mg de plomb dans le sol. Pour le cas du zinc, il peut augmenter de 0,61 mg, 0,17 mg, 0,15 mg respectivement pour les tiges, feuilles et grains pour une augmentation de 1 mg dans le sol.   The use of municipal waste as organic fertilizers may result in contamination of the soil with trace metals. Corn, one of the most widely consumed cereals in Burkina Faso, could accumulate these elements and cause health problems for humans. To assess the translocation potential of maize, a trial is being carried out in the Sakabi vegetable perimeter. To do this, plots were made and organized according to a completely randomized block device with six repetitions. Increasing amounts of waste  20, 40 and 60 tons per hectare were brought into the different plots to constitute the treatments. Soil samples and plant biomass were collected to determine trace metal content. The results of the analyzes show that the soils are contaminated with heavy metals and have contributed to their translocation to the different organs of the maize. The translocation factors are greater than 1 in all organs except for the rods, so the values are between 0.5-0.8 and 0.76-0.93 respectively for cadmium and copper. In addition, the Pearson correlation showed a strong relationship between the heavy metal contents in the different organs. When cadmium in soil increases by 1 mg, there is a high probability that it will increase by 0.22 mg in roots, 1.33 mg in stems, 0.31 mg in leaves, and 0.56 mg in grains. Similarly, at the level of copper, it can increase by 2.56 mg, 0.28 mg, 0.57 mg respectively for roots, stems and leaves for an increase of 1 mg of Cu in the soil. At this level, there is a high probability that leaf and grain levels will increase by 6.84 mg and 5.81 mg, respectively, for an increase of 1 mg lead in soil. For zinc, it can increase by 0.61 mg, 0.17 mg, 0.15 mg for stems, leaves and grains respectively for an increase of 1 mg in the soil

    EVALUATION OF THE GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN A CLOSED INDUSTRIAL LANDFILL

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    The study parameters: pH, conductivity, salinity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of groundwater in a closed industrial landfill, subject to the waste discharges of city of Bacau (East Romania), shows that the water quality of the different sampling points is variable. This difference is noted at the level of conductivity, TDS, turbidity, TSS and COD. These differences, however parameters are substantially higher compared the value of the legislation in groundwater Romania. Salinity remains relatively high at the point of sample P1 (0.7). The pH values are comprising in the range of reference values (6.5 to 7.4). The results also showed very strong correlations (r> 0.8) between Conductivity-Salinity, Conductivity -TDS, Salinity, TDS, Turbidity.-TSS, COD and TSS-Turbidity-COD. The strong correlation (0.5 0.8) were noted between Turbidity- Conductivity, Turbidity-Salinity, Turbidity, TDS, TSS conductivity, TSS-Salinity, TSS, TDS, COD, conductivity, salinity, COD, COD-TDS. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) also highlighted groundwater mineralization events of this landfill and possible pollution by organic matter

    EVALUATION OF THE GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN A CLOSED INDUSTRIAL LANDFILL

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    The study parameters: pH, conductivity, salinity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of groundwater in a closed industrial landfill, subject to the waste discharges of city of Bacau (East Romania), shows that the water quality of the different sampling points is variable. This difference is noted at the level of conductivity, TDS, turbidity, TSS and COD. These differences, however parameters are substantially higher compared the value of the legislation in groundwater Romania. Salinity remains relatively high at the point of sample P1 (0.7). The pH values are comprising in the range of reference values (6.5 to 7.4). The results also showed very strong correlations (r> 0.8) between Conductivity-Salinity, Conductivity -TDS, Salinity, TDS, Turbidity.-TSS, COD and TSS-Turbidity-COD. The strong correlation (0.5 0.8) were noted between Turbidity- Conductivity, Turbidity-Salinity, Turbidity, TDS, TSS conductivity, TSS-Salinity, TSS, TDS, COD, conductivity, salinity, COD, COD-TDS. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) also highlighted groundwater mineralization events of this landfill and possible pollution by organic matter

    Early stage litter decomposition across biomes

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    Through litter decomposition enormous amounts of carbon is emitted to the atmosphere. Numerous large-scale decomposition experiments have been conducted focusing on this fundamental soil process in order to understand the controls on the terrestrial carbon transfer to the atmosphere. However, previous studies were mostly based on site-specific litter and methodologies, adding major uncertainty to syntheses, comparisons and meta-analyses across different experiments and sites. In the TeaComposition initiative, the potential litter decomposition is investigated by using standardized substrates (Rooibos and Green tea) for comparison of litter mass loss at 336 sites (ranging from −9 to +26 °C MAT and from 60 to 3113 mm MAP) across different ecosystems. In this study we tested the effect of climate (temperature and moisture), litter type and land-use on early stage decomposition (3 months) across nine biomes. We show that litter quality was the predominant controlling factor in early stage litter decomposition, which explained about 65% of the variability in litter decomposition at a global scale. The effect of climate, on the other hand, was not litter specific and explained <0.5% of the variation for Green tea and 5% for Rooibos tea, and was of significance only under unfavorable decomposition conditions (i.e. xeric versus mesic environments). When the data were aggregated at the biome scale, climate played a significant role on decomposition of both litter types (explaining 64% of the variation for Green tea and 72% for Rooibos tea). No significant effect of land-use on early stage litter decomposition was noted within the temperate biome. Our results indicate that multiple drivers are affecting early stage litter mass loss with litter quality being dominant. In order to be able to quantify the relative importance of the different drivers over time, long-term studies combined with experimental trials are needed.This work was performed within the TeaComposition initiative, carried out by 190 institutions worldwide. We thank Gabrielle Drozdowski for her help with the packaging and shipping of tea, Zora Wessely and Johannes Spiegel for the creative implementation of the acknowledgement card, Josip Dusper for creative implementation of the graphical abstract, Christine Brendle for the GIS editing, and Marianne Debue for her help with the data cleaning. Further acknowledgements go to Adriana Principe, Melanie Köbel, Pedro Pinho, Thomas Parker, Steve Unger, Jon Gewirtzman and Margot McKleeven for the implementation of the study at their respective sites. We are very grateful to UNILEVER for sponsoring the Lipton tea bags and to the COST action ClimMani for scientific discussions, adoption and support to the idea of TeaComposition as a common metric. The initiative was supported by the following grants: ILTER Initiative Grant, ClimMani Short-Term Scientific Missions Grant (COST action ES1308; COST-STSM-ES1308-36004; COST-STM-ES1308-39006; ES1308-231015-068365), INTERACT (EU H2020 Grant No. 730938), and Austrian Environment Agency (UBA). Franz Zehetner acknowledges the support granted by the Prometeo Project of Ecuador's Secretariat of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (SENESCYT) as well as Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands (2190). Ana I. Sousa, Ana I. LillebĂž and Marta Lopes thanks for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017), to FCT/MEC through national funds (PIDDAC), and the co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020. The research was also funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, FCT, through SFRH/BPD/107823/2015 (A.I. Sousa), co-funded by POPH/FSE. Thomas Mozdzer thanks US National Science Foundation NSF DEB-1557009. Helena C. Serrano thanks Fundação para a CiĂȘncia e Tecnologia (UID/BIA/00329/2013). Milan Barna acknowledges Scientific Grant Agency VEGA (2/0101/18). Anzar A Khuroo acknowledges financial support under HIMADRI project from SAC-ISRO, India

    Sydowiols A-C: Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors from an East China Sea marine-derived fungus, Aspergillus sydowii

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    Chemical analysis of an East China Sea marine-derived fungus, Aspergillus sydowii (MF357) returned three new tris-pyrogallol ethers, sydowiols A-C (1-3), and two known bis-pyrogallol ethers, violaceols I (4) and 11 (5). Structures were assigned on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and by consideration of symmetry. Sydowiols A (1) and C (3) were responsible for the inhibitory activity detected in the crude fungal extract against Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase A (PtpA). (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
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